<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><rss version="2.0"
	xmlns:content="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/"
	xmlns:wfw="http://wellformedweb.org/CommentAPI/"
	xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
	xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"
	xmlns:sy="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/syndication/"
	xmlns:slash="http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/slash/"
	>

<channel>
	<title>2013 &#8211; Acacia Economics</title>
	<atom:link href="https://acaciaeconomics.com/tag/2013/feed/" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml" />
	<link>https://acaciaeconomics.com</link>
	<description></description>
	<lastBuildDate>Sun, 14 Jun 2026 20:08:19 +0000</lastBuildDate>
	<language>en-US</language>
	<sy:updatePeriod>
	hourly	</sy:updatePeriod>
	<sy:updateFrequency>
	1	</sy:updateFrequency>
	<generator>https://wordpress.org/?v=7.0</generator>

<image>
	<url>https://acaciaeconomics.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/cropped-logo-2-1-32x32.jpg</url>
	<title>2013 &#8211; Acacia Economics</title>
	<link>https://acaciaeconomics.com</link>
	<width>32</width>
	<height>32</height>
</image> 
	<item>
		<title>Are mobile networks always a substitute for fixed networks?</title>
		<link>https://acaciaeconomics.com/are-mobile-networks-always-a-substitute-for-fixed-networks/</link>
		
		<dc:creator><![CDATA[Dr Ryan Hawthorne]]></dc:creator>
		<pubDate>Fri, 24 May 2013 08:48:25 +0000</pubDate>
				<category><![CDATA[Telecommunications]]></category>
		<category><![CDATA[2013]]></category>
		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://acaciaeconomics.com/?p=2196</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Local Loop Unbundling (“LLU”) is the
process by which an incumbent fixed line
operator makes available to smaller rivals
the twisted copper pair between a point of
aggregation in the incumbent’s...]]></description>
										<content:encoded><![CDATA[		<div data-elementor-type="wp-post" data-elementor-id="2196" class="elementor elementor-2196">
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-391ed865 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent" data-id="391ed865" data-element_type="container" data-e-type="container">
					<div class="e-con-inner">
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-33a55190 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="33a55190" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
									
<div data-wp-interactive="core/file" class="wp-block-file"><object data-wp-bind--hidden="!state.hasPdfPreview" hidden class="wp-block-file__embed" data="https://acaciaeconomics.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/CCREDWorkingPaper04-2013Fixed-MobileTelecoms.pdf" type="application/pdf" style="width:100%;height:600px" aria-label="Embed of CCRED+Working+Paper+04-2013+Fixed-Mobile+Telecoms."></object><a id="wp-block-file--media-4ea589a6-22d9-4933-b746-f64509a01013" href="https://acaciaeconomics.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/CCREDWorkingPaper04-2013Fixed-MobileTelecoms.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">CCRED+Working+Paper+04-2013+Fixed-Mobile+Telecoms</a><a href="https://acaciaeconomics.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/CCREDWorkingPaper04-2013Fixed-MobileTelecoms.pdf" class="wp-block-file__button wp-element-button" download aria-describedby="wp-block-file--media-4ea589a6-22d9-4933-b746-f64509a01013">Download</a></div>



<p class="wp-block-paragraph"></p>
								</div>
					</div>
				</div>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-744d22a1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="744d22a1" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section" data-settings="{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}">
							<div class="elementor-background-overlay"></div>
							<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default">
					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2b2d072c" data-id="2b2d072c" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
						<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-572e501b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="572e501b" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no">
					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-2d7fab7f" data-id="2d7fab7f" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column" data-settings="{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}">
			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-26628464 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image" data-id="26628464" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="image.default">
															<img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="683" height="213" src="https://acaciaeconomics.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/logo.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full wp-image-105" alt="" srcset="https://acaciaeconomics.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/logo.jpg 683w, https://acaciaeconomics.com/wp-content/uploads/2026/05/logo-300x94.jpg 300w" sizes="(max-width: 683px) 100vw, 683px" />															</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-199bb19a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="199bb19a" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
									<p>Expert Economic Research &amp; Advice</p>								</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-3d11638d elementor-shape-square e-grid-align-left e-grid-align-tablet-left elementor-grid-0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-social-icons" data-id="3d11638d" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="social-icons.default">
							<div class="elementor-social-icons-wrapper elementor-grid">
							<span class="elementor-grid-item">
					<a class="elementor-icon elementor-social-icon elementor-social-icon-jki-linkedin-light elementor-animation-shrink elementor-repeater-item-c0163ab" target="_blank">
						<span class="elementor-screen-only">Jki-linkedin-light</span>
						<i aria-hidden="true" class="jki jki-linkedin-light"></i>					</a>
				</span>
					</div>
						</div>
					</div>
		</div>
				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-4d9e9b49" data-id="4d9e9b49" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-130fe0fe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="130fe0fe" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
					<h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Quick Links</h4>				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-953f210 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-id="953f210" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="divider.default">
							<div class="elementor-divider">
			<span class="elementor-divider-separator">
						</span>
		</div>
						</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-1679d762 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list" data-id="1679d762" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-list.default">
							<ul class="elementor-icon-list-items">
							<li class="elementor-icon-list-item">
											<a href="https://acaciaeconomics.com/what-we-do/">

											<span class="elementor-icon-list-text">About Us</span>
											</a>
									</li>
								<li class="elementor-icon-list-item">
											<a href="https://acaciaeconomics.com/sectors/">

											<span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Our work</span>
											</a>
									</li>
								<li class="elementor-icon-list-item">
											<a href="https://acaciaeconomics.com/insights/">

											<span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Insights</span>
											</a>
									</li>
								<li class="elementor-icon-list-item">
											<a href="https://acaciaeconomics.com/working-at-acacia/">

											<span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Careers</span>
											</a>
									</li>
								<li class="elementor-icon-list-item">
											<a href="https://acaciaeconomics.com/contact/">

											<span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Contact</span>
											</a>
									</li>
						</ul>
						</div>
					</div>
		</div>
				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-76082820" data-id="76082820" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-8ecf07e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="8ecf07e" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
					<h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Useful Links</h4>				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-7c621502 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-id="7c621502" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="divider.default">
							<div class="elementor-divider">
			<span class="elementor-divider-separator">
						</span>
		</div>
						</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-53314bef elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list" data-id="53314bef" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-list.default">
							<ul class="elementor-icon-list-items">
							<li class="elementor-icon-list-item">
											<a href="#">

											<span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Privacy Policy</span>
											</a>
									</li>
								<li class="elementor-icon-list-item">
											<a href="#">

											<span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Terms and Conditions</span>
											</a>
									</li>
								<li class="elementor-icon-list-item">
											<a href="#">

											<span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Disclaimer</span>
											</a>
									</li>
								<li class="elementor-icon-list-item">
											<a href="#">

											<span class="elementor-icon-list-text">Support</span>
											</a>
									</li>
								<li class="elementor-icon-list-item">
											<a href="#">

											<span class="elementor-icon-list-text">FAQ</span>
											</a>
									</li>
						</ul>
						</div>
					</div>
		</div>
				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-25 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-8b4ac37" data-id="8b4ac37" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-53f2e3df elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading" data-id="53f2e3df" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="heading.default">
					<h4 class="elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default">Working Hours</h4>				</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-17bb3201 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider" data-id="17bb3201" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="divider.default">
							<div class="elementor-divider">
			<span class="elementor-divider-separator">
						</span>
		</div>
						</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-44980a82 elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list" data-id="44980a82" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="icon-list.default">
							<ul class="elementor-icon-list-items">
							<li class="elementor-icon-list-item">
											<span class="elementor-icon-list-icon">
							<svg aria-hidden="true" class="e-font-icon-svg e-far-clock" viewBox="0 0 512 512" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M256 8C119 8 8 119 8 256s111 248 248 248 248-111 248-248S393 8 256 8zm0 448c-110.5 0-200-89.5-200-200S145.5 56 256 56s200 89.5 200 200-89.5 200-200 200zm61.8-104.4l-84.9-61.7c-3.1-2.3-4.9-5.9-4.9-9.7V116c0-6.6 5.4-12 12-12h32c6.6 0 12 5.4 12 12v141.7l66.8 48.6c5.4 3.9 6.5 11.4 2.6 16.8L334.6 349c-3.9 5.3-11.4 6.5-16.8 2.6z"></path></svg>						</span>
										<span class="elementor-icon-list-text">8am - 5pm, Monday - Friday</span>
									</li>
						</ul>
						</div>
				<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-e9fb1e1 elementor-align-left elementor-mobile-align-left elementor-widget elementor-widget-button" data-id="e9fb1e1" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="button.default">
										<a class="elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-float" href="https://acaciaeconomics.com/contact/">
						<span class="elementor-button-content-wrapper">
									<span class="elementor-button-text">Contact Us</span>
					</span>
					</a>
								</div>
					</div>
		</div>
					</div>
		</section>
				<section class="elementor-section elementor-inner-section elementor-element elementor-element-3502b05a elementor-section-content-middle elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default" data-id="3502b05a" data-element_type="section" data-e-type="section">
						<div class="elementor-container elementor-column-gap-no">
					<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-6a437667" data-id="6a437667" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap">
							</div>
		</div>
				<div class="elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-inner-column elementor-element elementor-element-12c239dd" data-id="12c239dd" data-element_type="column" data-e-type="column">
			<div class="elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated">
						<div class="elementor-element elementor-element-67f5ac59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor" data-id="67f5ac59" data-element_type="widget" data-e-type="widget" data-widget_type="text-editor.default">
									<p>© Acacia Economics from 2022 to 2026. All Rights Reserved.</p>								</div>
					</div>
		</div>
					</div>
		</section>
					</div>
		</div>
					</div>
		</section>
				</div>
		]]></content:encoded>
					
		
		
			</item>
	</channel>
</rss>
